<p>Washington Square Historic District is a national historic district located at Oswego in Oswego County, New York. It includes 39 contributing buildings, one contributing structure, and one contributing site. It encompasses the historic civic and religious center on the east side of the city. There are 37 residences, four churches, a synagogue, a public green, the county office building and County Courthouse, and a former railroad tunnel. Located within the district are the separately listed Hamilton and Rhoda Littlefield House, Richardson-Bates House, Oswego City Library and Oswego County Courthouse. Washington Park was laid out in 1797 when the city of Oswego was laid out.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Cavendish Crescent in Bath, Somerset, is a Georgian crescent built in the early 19th century to a design by the architect John Pinch the elder. At 11 houses, it is the shortest of the seven Georgian crescents in Bath. It also has one of the plainest facades, with no central feature, the only decoration being the consoles over the central first floor window of each house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cavendish crescent was undertaken by William Broom, a builder by trade. Broom leased the land on which the crescent is built and then engaged Pinch to design the facade. However all did not go according to Broom&#39;s plans and he went bankrupt in 1825. The crescent was finished some 5 years later.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Sir William Holburne lived at No. 10 between 1829 and 1874. The house was home to his art collection, which was later formed into the Holburne Museum of Art, at the end of Great Pulteney Street.</p><br>
<p>The Rapidan Dam Canal of the Rappahannock Navigation is a canal intended to safely carry Batteaus, sturdy flat-bottomed boats used primarily for transporting cargo, around the rapids at the confluence of the Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers. The Rapidan Canal, funded and constructed by The Rappahannock Company, consists of two different canals  built at different times. All of the Rappahannock Navigation, of which the Rapidan Canal is a part, is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia. The Confluence, the name used on maps of the day and sometimes maps of today to denote where the two rivers meet, is located where the borders of the Virginia Counties of Spotsylvania, Stafford and Culpeper meet but is owned by the City of Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Rapidan Canal was listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register  on June 19, 1973, and on the National Register of Historic Places on July 26, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the original Rapidan Canal, sometimes referred to as the "Old Rapidan Canal," started on the north bank of the Rappahannock River in the 1830s, fell into disrepair during the mid- and late 1830s and was abandoned entirely in the 1840s when construction of the new canal on the south bank was complete and the new canal serviceable.</p><br>
<h3>The Rappahannock Company</h3><br>
<p>The history of the entire Rappahannock Navigation, of which the Rapidan Canal was a part, is really the story of the Rappahannock Company. Organized in 1816, The Rappahannock Company sought to build a navigable, 50-mile system of dams and locks on the Rappahannock River and the lower part of the Rapidan River to facilitate the movement of commercial goods between Fredericksburg and the furthest reaches of the navigation. Early investors were primarily Fredericksburg merchants and the Common Council of the Corporation of Fredericksburg (City of Fredericksburg) who wanted Fredericksburg&#39;s port to compete as a major shipping port. However, potential canal users on the upper reaches of the planned navigation were reluctant to invest or otherwise support the Company unless work had started on a stretch of canal that would serve their immediate interests.</p><br>
<p>The Rappahannock Company had started plans for the Rappahannock Navigation as early as 1816, "...but a national recession and the promoter&#39;s inability to raise funds delayed actual construction until early 1829" and only ten miles of the originally planned navigation were completed before the project was abandoned. However, beginning in 1845, the Rappahannock Company restarted the effort. Existing components of the Rappahannock Navigation, deteriorated from poor or nonexistent maintenance and damaged by floods and ice, were rebuilt or abandoned and the remainder of the originally planned 50-mile navigation was completed in 1849.</p><br>
<p>The Rappahannock Company failed in 1853 and the navigation was abandoned entirely by 1855 since it was no longer profitable, if it ever had been, and because of the encroachment of newer, faster, and cheaper rail transportation provided by the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. "...he company had no money left for maintenance or repairs, to say nothing of retiring the huge construction debt, which had reached nearly $450,000... the failing company was turned over to its largest stockholder, the Common Council of the Corporation of Fredericksburg, on July 1, 1852."</p><br>
<h2>General</h2><br>
<h3>Rapidan Dam</h3><br>
<p>The Rapidan Dam, the longest dam on the Rappahannock River, was made of wood and dammed both the Rappahannock River and the Rapidan River. Although the dam is in ruins parts of it are still visible. When the river is low, a line of pins driven into the river bed that anchored wooden timbers to bedrock are visible.</p><br>
<h3>Old Rapidan Canal</h3><br>
<p>The Old Rapidan Canal is the "... only canal remaining of the unsuccessful, abandoned effort to build the Rappahannock Navigation in the 1830s." Its guard lock was on the north side of the Rapidan Dam, and the canal was short with two locks near its end. The locks were a crib like construct made entirely of wood and filled with stone.</p><br>
<p>Original plans, recommended by the Virginia Board of Public Works, called for the canal to start on the south side of the Rapidan Dam (its final location) so that boats could safely access the canal. The engineers of the Rappahannock Company, determined to save costs, built the canal on the north side of the dam. Therefore, boats approaching from the Rapidan had to make a dangerous crossing above the dam.</p><br>
<p>"The other cost-cutting measure which was to plague the company was the use of wooden rather than stone locks - cheaper at first, but more costly in the long run as they decayed and required rebuilding."</p><br>
<h3>Rapidan Canal</h3><br>
<p>The Rapidan Canal was longer than the Old Rapidan Canal and included a series of five locks "The Rapidan Dam Canal parallels the Rappahannock River from the mouth of the Rapidan River for one and one half miles and then reenters the river through three locks.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia Landmarks Register, Calder Loth, Editor, The University Press of Virginia, p. 498, 1999. The Rapidan Canal began on the south side of the Rapidan Dam.</p><br>
<h3>Locks of the Rapidan Canal</h3><br>
<p>Locks of the Rappahannock Navigation are numbered from where the Rappahannock empties into the Chesapeake Bay and increase incrementally travelling upstream; guard locks are not numbered. Therefore, lock numbers of the Rapidan Canal range from six (the lowest lock) to nine (the most upstream lock), inclusive, with a guard lock at the upstream end of the canal. The table below contains more specific information about the particulars of each lock.</p><br>
<h4>Guard Lock</h4><br>
<p>The guard lock is situated at the upriver end of the canal at The Confluence. From the guard lock to Lock 9 was a tow embankment that closely paralleled the river. The tow embankment was protected by a long and massive stone wall, much of which is still visible today.</p><br>
<h4>Lock Nine</h4><br>
<p>Lock 9, the most well preserved of the Rapidan Canal locks, was built into a bluff and is the most unusual on the river because the north lock chamber is solid masonry.</p><br>
<p>Below lock 9 is a power-line right of way, which crosses the river at a right angle to the canal, incidentally affording a view of the site of the wooden locks that were the Old Rapidan Canal - perhaps the only place where the original canals of the 1830s have remained undisturbed and were not reconstructed in 1847. This part of the canal passes through the USA Gold Mine fields, and in fact there are two mine adits in the canal bed, leading into the hillside. These were apparently made after the demise of the canal. A few yards below the adits is the old road to the USA ford, and the sluice gate and the foundations of a mill.</p><br>
<p>The Chavonnes Battery was a fortification protecting Cape Town, South Africa, built in the early 18th century. It is now a museum and function venue.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The battery was one of the coastal fortifications of the Cape Peninsula linked to the Castle of Good Hope. It was built in 1714–1725 by the Dutch East India Company, and named after its originator, Maurits Pasques de Chavonnes, who was the governor of the Cape Colony.</p><br>
<p>The battery was built in a “U” shape with a stone wall built on a rocky outcrop on the Western flank at the waters edge. It had 16 mounted guns with an arc of fire of nearly 180 degrees. The battery also served as a prison and a quarantine and convalescent wing of the old Somerset Hospital.</p><br>
<p>It was used to protect the bay and town until 1861 when construction work started on the Alfred basin and some of the stone and rubble from the site was used to create a breakwater. Further damage occurred when coal bunkers and later a fish factory were built over the site.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation and preservation</h2><br>
<p>In the 1990s, during the development of the Clock Tower Precinct at the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront and the construction of an office building for the BoE Stockbrokers group and Nedbank much of the battery was excavated by archaeologists from the University of Cape Town, and has now been opened as a visitor attraction that includes a museum, hosts contemporary art exhibitions, offers guided tours, venue hire and cannon firing.</p><br>
<p>The museum includes the excavated walls, well and other components of part of the battery, with displays on cannons and the equipment needed to maintain and fire them and information boards related to the history of Cape Town.</p><br>
<p>St Andrews Uniting Church is a heritage-listed church at 131 Creek Street , Brisbane CBD, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by George David Payne and built in 1905 by Alexander Lind & Son. Initially St Andrews Presbyterian Church, it became part of the Uniting Church following the merger of the Presbyterian, Methodist and Congregational Churches in 1977. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Andrews Church was constructed in 1905 for the local parish of the Presbyterian Church previously located on land now used as part of Brisbane Central Railway Station. The building was designed by innovative architect, George D. Payne.</p><br>
<p>The Presbyterian congregation who eventually built St Andrew&#39;s, constructed their first church at the corner of Wickham Terrace and Creek Street in 1863. This building, designed by Benjamin Backhouse, was known as the Union Presbyterian Church in commemoration of the amalgamation of the Church of Scotland, Free Church and United Presbyterian Church to form the Presbyterian Church of Queensland. The first minister appointed by the congregation was James Love, an Irishman who started preaching in the School of Arts building in Ann Street upon his arrival in Queensland. The congregation at the Union Presbyterian Church remained in their small sandstone church until 1887 when a new larger church designed by Willoughby Powell was constructed. This building was an ornate early English Gothic structure of brick, prominent in early photographs of Brisbane, which featured attached buttressing terminating in pinnacles above an open parapet and a large tower in the north-west corner.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, only ten years after the construction of their new church the congregation learnt of plans to quadruple the lines at Brisbane Central Railway Station, meaning the land on which the church was built was to be wholly or partially resumed. By 1900 firm plans were laid for the expansion of Central Station and negotiations began between the church and the Railway Commissioner over compensation. A deal was made for the payment of &pound;20,000, paid to the Supreme Court and payable to the church on proof that the money was to be used for the acquiring of land and the construction of a substitute church. The former church was available rent free until October 1903 when plans for the railway station were to be realised.</p><br>
<p>A new site for the construction of their third church was found by the elders of the Presbyterian congregation on the corner of Ann and Creek Streets. The land was then occupied by a manufacturing plant and the land belonged to William Perry, who had leased the property from the original holder of the Deed off Grant, Henry Murray in 1875. In November 1884 Perry purchased the property and a quick succession of owners follows until the land was bought by Charles Elliott of Melbourne in December 1888. In July 1894 the Australian Mutual Provident Society became the owners of the property and it was they who appointed elders from the Presbyterian congregation as trustees of the site in 1901. After the Presbyterian Church Property Act of 1909 the property was vested in the Presbyterian Church of Queensland in February 1911.</p><br>
<p>Thus, after 1901 the former Wickham Terrace Presbyterian congregation became the owners of the land on the corner of Ann and Creek Streets and plans for the construction of a new building were made. The minutes of a meeting held on 8 July 1902 record the following resolutions; that a church be constructed on the site at a cost of between &pound;8000 and &pound;10,000 and that a competition be held for a design for the church open to Brisbane architects. The sum of &pound;100 was to be expended in prize money, awarding the winner and three commended works. The competition stipulated that seating be provided for 500 people with provision for 200 additional attendants. Other facilities were to include an organ, choir stalls, a hall underneath the church, a ministers vestry, ladies parlour, choir room, toilets and a session room. The building was to be of brick or stone with pricing provided for both schemes. Further requirements were for three entrances from Ann Street, one to the administrative areas and two to the body of the church and an entrance from Creek Street also giving access to the hall beneath the church. During October 1902 the results of the competition, which was judged by Brisbane architect, Claude William Chambers, were published in local newspapers and weekly journals and these nominated George D Payne of the Public Works Department as the winner of the competition with other local architect Walter Carey Voller coming second and architectural partnership, Addison and Corrie, being awarded third prize. The design was simple and severe and did not find favour with many, who had expected a Gothic-style church. However, it is regarded as one of the Southern Hemispheres finest examples of the Neo-Romanesque style.</p><br>
<p>George D. Payne, the winning architect, was employed at the time within the Queensland Public Works Department, after moving to Brisbane in 1898 from New South Wales where he was in private practice after a period of employment with architectural partnership, Lowerish and Moorhouse. During his professional life in Sydney he entered many competitions and, despite the poor economic conditions, maintained a reasonably successful practice. Payne was a foundation member and inaugural president of the Sydney Architectural Association. In March 1898 Payne took a position as a temporary draftsman in the Public Works Department where he was involved in the design and construction of several outstanding public buildings in Queensland including the Rockhampton Customs House, the Townsville Customs House, detail work on first floor verandahs of the Warwick Post Office, and the East Brisbane State School. In February 1901 Payne was appointed assistant to Thomas Pye, the District Architect of the Southern Division, but soon after, under notice of retrenchment, entered the competition for the design of St Andrew&#39;s Church. After he was announced winner in late 1902 he remained at the works department until December 1902 when he resigned to undertake construction supervision of his winning design. After construction of the church, Payne continued in private practice but failed to "attract work of a scale commensurate with his talent." It is therefore for the work at St Andrews on which his state and, indeed, national reputation as an innovative and highly skilled architect is based.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the church began in late 1902, after the tender of Messrs Alexander Lind and Son, assisted by foreman Alexander Anderson, for * was accepted, and continued until 27 August 1905 when it was opened for public worship, the first service being conducted by Rev. W. Sweyn Macqueen. Payne remained involved in the project throughout construction and it is perhaps for this reason that the finished building is characterised throughout by well integrated and sophisticated detailing. A lengthy report in a Presbyterian newspaper, The Messenger, commemorating the opening of the church comments on public criticism of the building, likening the criticism to that experienced by the opening of Westminster Cathedral (the Roman Catholic Cathedral located in central London, built 1895-1903). This was designed by John Francis Bentley, and constructed in polychrome banded brickwork in the manner of Byzantine or Early Christian churches, quite different from the usual Gothic tone of churches of the time in that part of Europe. The article says, "there is no denying that it (St Andrews) is unique as far as the Commonwealth is concerned. It has no prototype that we know", and continued on to describe the style of architecture as "a phase of early Christian or early Romanesque, that had its best expression in simplicity and severity of detail which relies for effect on the impressive dignity of the grouping of masses, forms, proportion, and which excludes all extravagant and unnecessary ornament." Those design features of St Andrews which are of the Romanesque style, include the previously discussed massing of bold forms; the use of simple geometric shapes; semicircular arched openings; the half-domed interior to the chancel area; vaulting in the narthex and in the hall beneath the church; the general heaviness of many of these features rendered in face brick and the sparse use of Celtic and Norman ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>Design of churches during the Victorian period in Britain and her empire was dominated by a revival of the forms and inspiration of the Gothic movement. The Gothic church of the thirteenth and fourteenth century came to be a symbol of the power and glory of the church in a time when such characteristics were seriously threatened. Toward the end of the nineteenth century a new direction was taken, emphasising the influence of an earlier period of church building; early Christian ecclesiastical architecture, most obviously that of Byzantine and Romanesque periods. It is after manner that Payne conceived his design for St Andrew&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Of the many fine features in the completed church the most remarkable are the semi-domed chancel, the organ and several panels of stained glass. The ceiling of the chancel was formed from a semi-dome of concrete with a 28 feet span and, supposedly, marking the introduction of the groined vault into Queensland. The organ is a spectacular example of the work of Austral Organ Works, in a silky oak case designed by George Payne and built by Messrs JD Campbell and Son for &pound;1440. The kinetic electric blower installed in the organ was apparently the first installed in Australia and relies on a rotary action, combining a series of duct fans to eliminate noise from operation. The prominence and importance attached to the organ reflects the significance of music in the Presbyterian church, particularly at the time of the construction of this building. Three stained glass windows in the narthex of the church are of particular note as the work of prominent Sydney stained glazier, FW Ashwin and Co. The central panels represent the Burning Bush and flanking it are two figural windows, one of John Knox and the other of John Calvin, both of who were associated with the early development of Presbyterianism. Ashwin and Co. also provided other, unspecified, leadlighting for the building and the total sum of their contract was &pound;66.</p><br>
<p>The newly constructed church was much admired in Brisbane, and remains one of the most interesting ecclesiastical buildings in the state.</p><br>
<p>There was a universal feeling expressed by those present who had not previously seen the interior that they had not dreamed that it would be so magnificent, the austerity of the exterior scarcely preparing them for the fine effect of the chancel, with its shining brass and gleaming silver and burnished gold, the splendid sweep of the interior arches, the spacious auditorium unbroken by a single pillar, and the lofty roof, where sunbeams glinted and shadows came and went.</p><br>
<p>Very few changes have been made to St Andrew&#39;s Church since its construction was completed in 1905. As the fiftieth anniversary of the congregation approached in the 1914, small changes were made to improve the acoustics, ventilation and natural lighting of the building. These alterations included laying a ruberoid flooring, providing new window openings, and installing electric fans at the northern end of the auditorium. A large stained glass window was installed at the northern end of the auditorium, above the narthex, in 1921 in celebration of another anniversary.</p><br>
<p>Following the formation in 1977 of the Uniting Church in Australia, from the Presbyterian, Methodist and Congregational religions, St Andrews Church is now a Uniting Church. More recent changes to the building include the conversion of the session house and ladies parlour into contemporary office space.</p><br>
<p>Although the former Wickham Terrace church was sold for railway redevelopment to commence in 1903, the redevelopment work did not occur for many years. The church was used by the railways for storage until 1929, then rented as a gymnasium until 1942 and then finally occuped by the City Congregational Church until 1960, when the redevelopment for the railway station finally commenced.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Andrew&#39;s Church is a substantial brick and concrete building, occupying a prominent Brisbane CBD site on the corner of Creek and Ann Streets. The building is constructed in alignment with the footpath and covering most of the property allotment.</p><br>
<p>The church is a well-composed building, relying more for its character relying on the intrinsic characteristics of natural materials and the bold massing of simple forms than on ornamentation and decoration, which are often characteristic of ecclesiastical architecture. The architect, Payne, was much influenced by the late Victorian interest in Romanesque architectural styles, and this influence is most obvious at St Andrews&#39; in the repeated use of the semicircular arched opening, vaulted and domed ceilings, sparse use of Celtic and Norman ornamentation and sophisticated face brickwork.</p><br>
<p>The building is asymmetrically arranged, with principal facades to both Creek and Ann Streets. It is a loadbearing brick structure with concrete foundation and basement substructure. Concrete detailing is found throughout the building, and includes door and window surrounds, tracery, stairs, roof detailing, internal vaulting and dome and internal corbelling. The building&#39;s ecclesiastical function is apparent in the traditional cruciform floor plan, with transepts extending from the north-south running nave, to the east and west, the western transept facing Ann Street. A rectangular wing, housing the early Session House, abuts the northern end of the building, also with principal entrance to Ann Street. The unglazed terracotta tiled roof of the church is gabled over the nave and transepts, with the Session House separately gabled with end to Ann Street. Complementing the forms of the steeply pitched gabled roofs, is a square planned tower at the principal corner of the site, and turned through 45°, thus truncating the corner of the building and providing a suitable position for a corner entrance. The tower houses the principal semicircular arched doorway at ground level, accessed via several concrete steps, above which are several elongated rectangular and small circular openings with large semicircular arched openings near the cornice line. A simple concrete parapet, with ribbed detail and four simple corner pinnacles, surmounts the tower and partially conceals the pyramidal roof that has a concrete apex surmounted by a fine wrought iron finial.</p><br>
<p>The asymmetrically composed western facade of the building, addressing Ann Street, comprises the gabled ends of the western transept and, at the northern end, an entrance porch abutting the smaller gabled end of the Session House. Between the entrance porch and transept is a recessed wall, forming part of the wall of the nave of the church, which is externally buttressed with two tapered brick projections, extending to the sub floor level. The buttresses extend out from the building to be aligned with the transept face and have semicircular arched openings at their bases, forming a cloister-like external court adjacent to the hall in the basement of the church. The gabled transept end has three semicircular arched window openings, elongated and extending over much of the length of the gabled end. The entrance porch is square planned projection, with a simple roof and housing a semicircular arched doorway providing access to an internal porch leading to the narthex of the church. Above the doorway are several concrete bands one of which is pebble dashed, above these are three small circular windows in a horizontal line with concrete surrounds. The gabled end of the session house is visually dominated by a projecting bay window or oriel, at first floor level. Below this at ground floor level is a semicircular arched doorway providing entrance to the session house and a tripartite window arrangement of small equally sized rectangular openings, glazed with stained and coloured glass.</p><br>
<p>The Creek Street facade of the building comprises the gabled southern end of the church that is symmetrically composed. Dominant on the face of the gable is a bowed projection, forming the external wall of the corridor at the rear of the chancel and following its rounded shape. The projecting rounded shape of this feature is reflected in the base and support of the large semicircular arched opening, through which it projects. On the face of the projection are a number of elongated semicircular arched windows, filled with stained and coloured glass panels, and beneath these are a number of decorative brick bands. The bowed base of the arched opening has a series of window openings, like slits, which provide natural lighting to the corridor within. The base of the archway is supported on a concrete corbel. Below this projection, at street level, are three semicircular arched door openings, fitted with collapsible steel gates, with ornamental ironwork in the head of the archway. Flanking these openings are two arched openings fitted with four windows glazed with square multi-paned glass panels.</p><br>
<p>The principal entrance to the building is via a large semicircular arched doorway that is at the base of the tower, turned to run diagonally to the building. A double timber door from this entrance provides access to a small circular entrance vestibule from where two curved concrete stairs lead to the choir and vestry to the east and to the church auditorium on the western side. The vestibule, which has a concrete ceiling and floor, features lettering around the concrete cornice, "ENTER INTO HIS GATES WITH THANKSGIVING". This arrangement was not intended as the usual entrance for the congregation to the church, which was planned through two doorways from Ann Street providing access to an encaustic tiled porch with a concrete stair leading to the narthex, or outer chamber of the church auditorium. The narthex houses many fine architectural details including three stained glass panels in semicircular arched openings, supplied by FW Ashwin & Co. Three timber doors in the southern wall of the narthex provide entry to the auditorium.</p><br>
<p>The church interior is in the traditional ecclesiastical cruciform plan, with shallow transepts formed at the southern end and expressed externally by the gabled projections to Ann Street and on the opposite side of the building. The body of the church is entirely open with a raked timber boarded ceiling, clad with ruberoid matting, and arched roof trusses which, like most of the joinery in the building, have been stained to a dark timber colour. The transepts, lower in height than the body of the church have large window openings, some of which have been fitted with stained glass panels. At the rear of the church, on the northern wall are three large tripartite window opening arrangements fitted with stained glass panels, featuring stories from the life of Christ.</p><br>
<p>Dominating the interior is a large and fine organ, found, in Presbyterian manner, raised in the chancel of the church and almost filling the entire cavity. A round headed chancel archway separates the apsidal chancel from the body of the church and provides the springing point for a semi-domical ceiling in the chancel area. The silky oak organ case is a fine piece of joinery designed by the architect of the church and featuring carved panels and gold lettering and very well integrated with the other altar furniture, choir seating and other joinery in the building. The chancel area comprises a number of tiers, with elders and ministers seating on the lowest level, and choir seating, protected by a wrought iron balustrade, above.</p><br>
<p>At the rear of the chancel and expressed externally in the bowing projection in the arched opening on the Creek Street gabled section of the building, is a narrow corridor providing access to each side of the choir stalls and also between the principal stairs of the building. The narrowness and low lighting afforded through slits to Creek Street, make this corridor and associated spaces seem catacomb-like.</p><br>
<p>Characteristic of the church auditorium level of St Andrews Church is the high quality and innovative and unusual design of the internal joinery. The stair joinery, doors, windows and their framing, along with church seating, wainscotting, benches, and other fittings are very well designed pieces, original to this building and contribute to the buildings outstanding design.</p><br>
<p>Beneath the church auditorium and entered from an open entrance porch off Creek Street access to which is provided through three large semicircular arched doorway openings is the church hall. The interior of the hall is dominated by a double row of large concrete piers, and is flanked on the eastern side by an open courtyard along the Ann Street retaining wall boundary that is braced with a system of buttresses aligned with the internal columns in both auditoria.</p><br>
<p>Housed in a two storeyed section abutting the northern side of the building, the Session House, is the administrative core of the church, with the original session room and ladies&#39; parlour. Though these are has been recently renovated to provide some modern office accommodation, many of the early spaces have been retained.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Andrews Uniting Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Andrew&#39;s Uniting Church, formerly Presbyterian, is a large centrally located church that demonstrates the growth of Presbyterianism in Queensland, particularly in Brisbane where it was the home of one of the largest congregations for many years. The building, constructed in 1905 following expansion at Brisbane Central Railway Station, illustrates the growth of this area of the city.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>St Andrews Church is a rare example of the Brisbane work of the renowned and fine architect, George D. Payne and has special associations with him. Though Payne practised in Brisbane for many years after construction of St Andrews, none other of his buildings are of comparable prominence.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is an excellent example of the turn of the century development in ecclesiastical architecture that saw the emergence of strong early Christian, Romanesque and Byzantine influences, where previously a Gothic language dominated. The building is one of the earliest ecclesiastical buildings in Brisbane that employs this Romanesque detail and form, influenced by trends in both England where Westminster Cathedral had been erected, and America where the influential architect, HH Richardson was practicing in a style now known as American Romanesque.</p><br>
<p>Other features contributing to the significance of the church are the early church seating, elder&#39;s seating and altar furniture and other early details and fittings. The building is good and characteristic example of a Presbyterian Church with an open auditorium, prominent organ and tiered chancel arrangement.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>St Andrew&#39;s Church is a landmark in Brisbane, dominating the Ann and Creek Streets streetscape, employing strong architectural forms, including steeply pitched gables and a tower, on a prominent site. The building has many prominent features of aesthetic and historical importance including the stained glass windows, organ and the internal domed ceiling of the chancel.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>St Andrew&#39;s is a well-designed building of outstanding architectural merit, it is innovative and well composed with a sophisticated and well-integrated level of original detail.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building has special associations with the Uniting and Presbyterian Church as a place of worship for about ninety years and as the home of a congregation that was established in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Andrews Church is a rare example of the Brisbane work of the renowned and fine architect, George D. Payne and has special associations with him. Though Payne practised in Brisbane for many years after construction of St Andrews, none other of his buildings are of comparable prominence.</p><br>
<p>The Knights of Columbus Building, also known as Aero Club Building, in Portland, Oregon, was a Late Gothic Revival architecture building that was built in 1920. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places from 1990 until its demolition. The property is now the site of the Paramount Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Knights of Columbus inaugurated the building as its Portland lodge on October 21, 1920. It was designed by the Portland architectural firm of Jacobberger & Smith. By 1937, the Knights organization had moved out. In July 1937, the building was purchased by the Aero Club of Oregon (the Portland chapter of the National Aeronautics Association), The building underwent a remodeling in fall 1937, using plans designed by Portland-based Whitehouse & Church, the partnership of Morris H. Whitehouse and Walter E. Church.</p><br>
<p>Severny Island ice cap is an ice cap on Severny Island, northern island of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago in Russia. It covers 40% of Severny Island  at total area of approximately 20,500 km&sup2; which, if Novaya Zemlya is considered within Europe, makes it the largest glacier by area in Europe ahead of Austfonna at 8,492 km&sup2; and Vatnajökull at 8,100 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Glaciers</h2><br>
<p>A number of glaciers flow from the inner ice cap to Severny Island&#39;s coastline.</p><br>
<h3>West coast</h3><br>
<p>The following glaciers have their terminus on the coast of the Barents Sea.</p><br>
<p>Anna Glacier (Lednik Anny)</p><br>
<p>Anuchin Glacier (Lednik Anuchina)</p><br>
<p>Arkhangel Bay Glacier (Lednik Arkhangel&#39;skoy Guby)</p><br>
<p>Brounov Glacier (Lednik Brounova)</p><br>
<p>Borzov Glacier (Lednik Borzova)</p><br>
<p>Bull Glacier (Lednik Bull)</p><br>
<p>Bunge Glacier (Lednik Bunge)</p><br>
<p>Chayev Glacier (Lednik Chayeva)</p><br>
<p>Chernishev Glacier (Lednik Chernishëva)</p><br>
<p>Glazov Glacier (Lednik Glazov)</p><br>
<p>Inostrantsev Glacier (Lednik Inostrantseva)</p><br>
<p>Karbasnikov Glacier (Lednik Karbasnikova)</p><br>
<p>Krayniy Glacier (Lednik Krayniy)</p><br>
<p>Lakrua Glacier (Lednik Lakrua)</p><br>
<p>Mack Glacier (Lednik Maka)</p><br>
<p>Nizkiy Glacier (Lednik Nizkiy)</p><br>
<p>Pavlov Glacier (Lednik Pavlova)</p><br>
<p>Petersen Glacier (Lednik Petersena)</p><br>
<p>Popov Glacier (Lednik Popova)</p><br>
<p>Rikachev Glacier (Lednik Rykachëva)</p><br>
<p>Severnyy Glacier (Lednik Severnyy)</p><br>
<p>Shirokiy Glacier (Lednik Shirokiy)</p><br>
<p>Shokalsky Glacier (Lednik Shokal&#39;skogo)</p><br>
<p>Taisiya Glacier (Lednik Taisiya)</p><br>
<p>Velken Glacier (Lednik Vel&#39;kena)</p><br>
<p>Vera Glacier (Lednik Vera)</p><br>
<p>Vize Glacier (Lednik Vize)</p><br>
<p>Voyekov Glacier (Lednik Voyekova)</p><br>
<p>Yuzhnyy Glacier (Lednik Yuzhnyy)</p><br>
<h3>East coast</h3><br>
<p>The following glaciers have their terminus on the coast of the Kara Sea.</p><br>
<p>Goluboy Glacier (Lednik Goluboy)</p><br>
<p>Kropotkin Glacier (Lednik Kropotkina)</p><br>
<p>Moschnyy Glacier (Lednik Moschnyy)</p><br>
<p>Nansen Glacier (Lednik Nansena)</p><br>
<p>Polisadov Glacier (Lednik Polisadova)</p><br>
<p>Serp i Molot Glacier (Lednik Serp i Molot)</p><br>
<p>Vitte Glacier (Lednik Vitte)</p><br>
<p>Nordenskiöld Glacier (Lednik Nordenshel&#39;da), group of four glaciers:</p><br>
<p>Vershinsky Glacier (Lednik Vershinskogo)</p><br>
<p>Novopashenny Glacier (Lednik Novopashennogo), also known as Lednik Sredniy</p><br>
<p>Rozhdestvensky Glacier (Lednik Rozhdestvenskogo)</p><br>
<p>Roze Glacier (Lednik Roze)</p><br>
<h3>Other glaciers</h3><br>
<p>Lednikovoye Glaciers with their terminus in Lednikovoye Lake</p><br>
<h2>Nunataks</h2><br>
<p>Gora Severny Nunatak is a nunatak located in the northern section of the long ice cap not far from the western coast of the island. Further to the northeast there is another nunatak between the two outlets of the Bunge Glacier.</p><br>
<p>The W.C. Clemmons Mound is a Native American mound in the south central portion of the USA state of Ohio. Located near the unincorporated community of Fox,</p><br>
<p>The mound is significant as a potential archaeological site. Although it has never been excavated, its location has led archaeologists to conclude that it was built by people of the Adena culture, who constructed many burial mounds for their leaders; typical Adena mounds contain log tombs that house the bodies of high-ranking members of society along with plentiful grave goods. Because the mound has never been excavated, it is exceedingly well preserved; perhaps no other mound in Pickaway County has been so little changed since the region was settled.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, the Clemmons mound was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due to its archaeological value.</p><br>
<p>The Board of Education Building, also known as the Board of Education Administration Building, is a historic building in the Logan Square neighborhood of Philadelphia. As the long-time headquarters of what is now the School District of Philadelphia, it was a center of the city&#39;s educational system. It was completed in 1932. In recent years, it has been converted to residential use.</p><br>
<p>The Board of Education Building was added in 1983 to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The building&#39;s design was selected by jury. Its style is a combination of Art Deco and Classical Revival, commonly known as Moderne. It was part of an early revitalization scheme for the city that resulted in the building of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway.</p><br>
<p>Bas relief sculptures on educational themes are incorporated into the building. These were first sketched by the architect Irwin T. Catharine, then executed in plaster by Jules Melidon, before being sculpted by the stone cutters. Melidon reportedly was in Europe while they were being sculpted and installed, and sued Catharine and the Board of Education upon his return.</p><br>
<p>The four columns on each side of the central tower are topped by busts of great thinkers, educators, and statesmen:</p><br>
<p>North side: Daniel Webster, Benjamin Franklin, Thaddeus Stevens, William Shakespeare</p><br>
<p>South side: Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, John Marshall</p><br>
<p>East side: Robert Fulton, Russell Conwell, Horace Mann, William Penn</p><br>
<p>West side: Isaac Newton, George Washington, Bayard Taylor, Stephen Girard</p><br>
<p>The Historic Ironwood Theatre is a theatre in Ironwood, Michigan offering a variety of live theatrical, musical, and artistic performances as part of its programming. The theatre is a non-profit entertainment establishment owned by the City of Ironwood and operated by Ironwood Theatre Inc., a non-profit organization led by volunteers who serve on the Board of Directors.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in 1928, one of three movie houses in Ironwood at the time, the theatre presented first run films and vaudeville shows. The first feature film shown was "Wings" (1927) starring Clara Bow, Charles Rogers, Richard Arlen and Gary Cooper. Notably, the same film was shown at the unveiling of the rededicated Barton Organ with performing on September 18, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The theatre continued as a movie and vaudeville house under the direction of A.L. Pikar through the Golden Age of Hollywood of the 1930s, 40s, and 50s—the theatre flourished during these decades. Experiencing extreme financial difficulties in the late 70s, the theatre closed its doors in the spring of 1982.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, owner Thomas Renn gave the Ironwood Theatre to the City of Ironwood through the Downtown Ironwood Development Authority (DIDA). The Ironwood Theatre reopened in 1988 as a non-profit cultural organization featuring a wide range of programming. In 2010, the City of Ironwood purchased the adjacent Seaman building, which they renamed the City Centre. The purchase provided the Theatre "with the concourse and additional space for an elevator, new bathrooms, offices and even a catering kitchen." The City of Ironwood is developing plans to install handicapped bathroom facilities at the Theatre.</p><br>
<h2>Design and architecture</h2><br>
<p>The theatre was designed by self-taught Ironwood architect Albert Nelson and was constructed in 1928 at a cost of $160,000 (equivalent of approximately $2 million today). The architecture was modeled after the Italian Renaissance style featuring hand-sculpted faux pillars and arched proscenium style stage. The building seated 1,000 guests when it was originally built including 600 seats on the main floor and 400 seats on the balcony level.</p><br>
<p>Due to many restoration efforts and improvements of the theatre&#39;s design, many seats were removed to accommodate for added luxuries including a handicapped accessible area, light & sound booth, and concession stand. The theatre now seats 732—480 seats on the main floor and 252 seats in the balcony. The chairs found in the theatre today are exact replica replacements of the seats originally installed.</p><br>
<h2>The Barton organ</h2><br>
<p>The Barton organ, happily nicknamed "The Grand Old Lady", remains in place on its pedestal where it was installed in 1928. The historic theatre organ is a 2-manual, 7-rank, 499-pipe organ that is still completely playable. Restoration efforts on the organ began in 2000 under the direction of Dr. Tom Peacock. Volunteers were taught by experts on inspection and repair of the console, pipes, valves, and wiring. Virtually all organ components were inspected and cleaned with replacements of all leather materials, which were in dire need of replacement. Much of the wire running from the switchboard to the console was replaced as required by electrical code—this included over 700 solder connections on the back of the console.</p><br>
<p>After countless hours of volunteer work and thousands of dollars from grants and donations, the Barton Organ console returned from the company in June 2010, completing the restoration of the infamous organ console. The instrument is now completely playable. It was announced on Saturday, September 18, 2010 that the American Theatre Organ Society would like to open a chapter in Ironwood, Michigan. Plans to establish an Upper Peninsula chapter involve theatres across northern Michigan.</p><br>
<p>Of the roughly 250 pipe organs built by the Barton Organ Company, the Ironwood Theatre Barton is one of an estimated 40 that are still in their original homes and is one of only six documented Bartons that are still playable. As of 2010, the Ironwood Theatre Organ is the most recently restored Barton.</p><br>
<h2>Events, performances, and productions</h2><br>
<p>The modern era of the Theatre includes performances from Matt Giraud (2011), Jeff Daniels (2009), Duquesne University Tamburitzans, Robin and Linda Williams, Lake Superior Big Top Chautauqua, Pine Mountain Music Festival, Andrew Rogers (2012, 2013), Heroes,, Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Rodgers and Hammerstein&#39;s musical "South Pacific", the musical "Chicago" and many other local, regional, and national acts.</p><br>
<h3>H.I.T. Idol</h3><br>
<p>On Thursday, November 17, 2011, “The Historic Ironwood Theatre Presents H.I.T. Idol” showcased 41 finalists who sang solos in a style similar to American Idol, and six winners were selected to perform the following night as opening acts for 2008 American Idol finalist Matt Giraud. All of the finalists had an opportunity to sing backup vocals for two of Giraud&#39;s songs. In addition to the show focusing on the musical talent of local youth, H.I.T. Idol was a Historic Ironwood Theatre production with volunteers overseeing all aspects of the show.</p><br>
<h2>Proscenium Mural</h2><br>
<p>The proscenium mural of the theatre displays a stunning 3-piece canvas painting by artist William Hasenberg. The mural was painted during the finishing stages of construction in 1927 to complete the theatre&#39;s grand scale look. During a renovation in 1973, the mural and surrounding ceiling was painted with dark blue and white paint. The repainting was thought to have destroyed the mural until restoration efforts by muralist David Strickland proved successful in removing the blue and white paint without destroying the underlying mural. The 1994 restoration project restored the mural to its original look. The mural, now perfectly restored, catches the eye of every guest who steps into the auditorium.</p><br>
<p>Tell Qaramel  is a tell, or archaeological mound, located in the north of present-day Syria, 25 km north of Aleppo and about 65 km south of the Taurus mountains, adjacent to the river Quweiq.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>A survey in the late 1970s found evidence of settlement at the site from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A period through to the Hellenistic period. The later phases of occupation are closely associated with the mound of the tell itself; however, the pre-pottery Neolithic phase is associated with a wider area of about 3 hectares, extending to the south and south-west of the tell. It is this area that has been the focus of detailed investigation since 1999 by a joint Polish-Syrian team led by Prof. Ryszard F. Mazurowski of Warsaw University and Dr Youssef Kanjou from DGAM, Syria.</p><br>
<p>Before the excavations began, it was assumed that permanent sedentary settlements would occur only in combination with the first farming of cereals, and the first domestication and keeping of animals such as sheep and goats, marking the start of the Neolithic period, part of a transition between the proto-Neolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic A cultures. However the remains of the structures uncovered at Tell Qaramel appear to be older than this, giving the first evidence of permanent stone-built settlement. Particularly striking are the remains of a succession of five round, stone-built towers, each over 6 metres in diameter, with stone walls over 1.5m thick. These have been carbon-dated to between the eleventh millennium and 9650 BC. This dating makes the towers roughly two thousand years older than the stone tower found at Jericho, which was previously believed to be the oldest known tower structure in the world. The site is roughly contemporary to that of Göbekli Tepe in Turkey.</p><br>
<p>The Crockett County Courthouse is a historic courthouse built in 1902 at 907 Ave D, Ozona, Texas, United States. The Second Empire style building was designed by Oscar Ruffini of San Angelo. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 27, 1974.</p><br>
<p>Crockett County was organized in 1891and named after Davy Crockett. The first courthouse was a wood frame structure built in 1891. The building served the county until 1902 when the present hand cut native limestone courthouse and jail were built. The estimated cost of the courthouse was $30,000 paid for by bonds issued by the county. In its first few decades of existence, the two-story structure also served as a community center for social events and weekly dances.</p><br>
<p>The Hill River State Forest is a state forest located in Aitkin County, Minnesota. It borders the Savanna State Forest to the east, and the Chippewa National Forest and the Land O&#39;Lakes State Forest to the west. The majority of the forest is managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.</p><br>
<p>Northern hardwoods, such as red maple, red oak, green ash, elm, and basswood, dominate the forest cover of the forest. Aspen and paper birch are also common on the upland sites. Black spruce, tamarack, and cedar are common on the wetter lowland areas in the forest.</p><br>
<p>The abundance of lakes in the forest were formed during the Wisconsin glaciation, and make boating, swimming, canoeing, and kayaking popular recreation activities. Additionally, the Willow River, Moose River, and Little Hill River all traverse the forest. Campgrounds, backcountry camping, and picnick facilities are available in the forest.Outdoor recreational activities Trails include 10 mi for hiking, 7 mi available for Class I and II all-terrain vehicle and dirt biking, and snowmobiling.</p><br>
<p>Bracken Baptist Church  is a historic church on CR 1235 in Minerva, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>The Bracken Baptist Church (structure), built circa 1840-1842, is an example of prostyle Greek Revival church architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Bracken County Church, established in 1793 by the Rev. Lewis Craig, leader of The Travelling Church, is the oldest constituted Baptist church in northeastern Kentucky and one of six churches included in the Bracken Association formed here in 1799.</p><br>
<p>The church experienced a period of decline after 1850, and by 1886 only 60 members remained. The structure was used as a community center from 1900 to 1923 and baccalaureate services for Minerva High School were held there. The church structure was sold in 1928 for $280 and was used as a tobacco barn for the next forty years. The Bracken Association re-acquired the deteriorating structure in 1981. Restoration began and the structure was added to the National Register in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Eastern Promenade  is a historic promenade, 68.2 acre public park and recreation area in Portland, Maine. Construction of the Promenade began in 1836 and continued periodically until 1934. The 1.5 mi park was designed by the Olmsted Brothers design firm and experienced its greatest expansion from the 1880s to the 1910s. The Promenade rings around the Munjoy Hill neighborhood and occupies the farthest eastern portion of Portland&#39;s peninsula. The Promenade is home to many historical sites, including a mass grave and the mast of the USS Portland</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Eastern Promenade includes a number of recreational facilities, including a paved trail 2.1 mi in length, the East End Beach, and sports facilities including baseball fields, basketball courts and tennis courts. The Eastern Prom Trail is popular with bicyclists. The Maine Narrow Gauge Railroad Museum is also located on the Eastern Promenade. The railway is a popular tourist attraction in the area and transported 30,000 people across the Promenade in 2009-2010. As of September 2010, the railway was considering moving due to financial concerns.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Allen Park</h2><br>
<p>Fort Allen Park is a 9.33 acre public park on the Eastern Promenade. It is the site of Fort Allen, which was active in the Revolutionary War and War of 1812; only a few earthworks remain. The park is home to an American Civil War monument in the form of a granite bench dedicated in 1929. It honors the Union Army. Fort Allen Park is also the home of the mast of the USS Portland, a heavy cruiser commissioned by the United States Navy in 1933. Portland was the only United States ship to participate in all four Pacific aircraft carrier battles of 1942: Coral Sea in May, Midway in June, Eastern Solomons in August, and Santa Cruz Islands in October. Portland was then damaged during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in November.</p><br>
<h2>1812 Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>In December 1812, following the Battle of Queenston Heights during the War of 1812, the HMS Regulus, a British ship, docked under a truce flag in Portland&#39;s harbor en route from Quebec to Boston, Massachusetts, due to the presence of fever, malnutrition and dysentery among the American prisoners of war on board. 26 of the prisoners were taken to the local hospital and a month later, 21 of the prisoners had died. The dead soldiers were buried in a mass grave at the foot of Quebec Street on the Eastern Promenade, with a large boulder marking the spot of their grave. In 1887, a bronze plaque was affixed to the stone with the names of the dead soldiers.</p><br>
<p>Sophienholm is a former country house and exhibition venue located north on the shore of Lake Bagsværd in Lyngby-Taarbæk Municipality in the northern outskirts of Copenhagen, Denmark.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally a country house built by Johan Theodor Holmskiold in 1769. Constantin Brun, its next owner, had it completely rebuilt at the turn of the 19th century into its present appearance, and it became a lively cultural venue during the Danish Golden Age when his wife, the writer and salonist Friederike Brun, played host to many prominent Danish and foreign cultural figures of the time.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Sophienholm was built from 1767 to 1768 as a country retreat for Johan Theodor Holmskiold. Originally a medical doctor and naturalist, he had just begun a successful career at the Royal Court in Copenhagen and as a director for several prominent state enterprises. He named the house after his wife Sophie Holmskjold., and owned the property until 1790 when he built himself a new and larger country home nearby.</p><br>
<p>The new owner of Sophienholm was the merchant Constantin Brun. Originally from Germany, he had come to Denmark as royal administrator of trade in the Danish West Indies and made a fortune on trade during the early Napoleonic Wars, profiting from Denmarks neutrality. At the turn of the century, he commissioned Joseph-Jacques Ramée to expand and completely redesign the building. Completed in 1805, Ramées project also redesigned the park and added several smaller buildings to the site, including a Norwegian house, a Chinese pavilion, a Swiss cottage and a gate house. Later two lateral wings were added to the main building.</p><br>
<h3>Golden Age venue</h3><br>
<p>While the Bruns resided at Sophienholm, the estate developed into a lively cultural venue when the culturally inclined Frederikke used it for salons. An inspiration for this activity was Madame de Staël, a close friend from her travels who was famous for her salons at Château de Coppet. Frederikke Brun&#39;s salons attracted a colourful mix of celebrated poets and poor and unknown students, composers, foreign diplomats, foreign artists of any kind, and even members of the royal family.</p><br>
<p>Among the most frequent guests were Jens Baggesen, Oehlenschläger, Schack von Staffeldt, a young Johan Ludvig Heiberg, J. M. Thiele and B. S. Ingemann.</p><br>
<p>Contemporary memoires and letter literature provide a detailed image of how the salon life at Sophienhom unfolded. In the day time, the park was a popular venue for the house guests who would have tea or hot chocolate in the Norwegian House in the afternoon, sometimes also in the evening. Imported donkeys were used for excursions in the surrounding countryside. At dinner time, the guests were treated with food and wine "in abundance" and afterwards coffee was served in the Picture Room, located on the ground floor, facing the forest. Constantin Brun, who did not share Frederikkes cultural inclination, would usually retire early, either to his private chambers or to a quiet corner to play cards and complain about his wifes extravagance.</p><br>
<p>Besides general conversation, the entertainment included various literary and musical activities. Frederikke often read aloud letters from her many famous friends abroad, and guests entertained with recitations of poetry or musical performances.</p><br>
<p>A central part of the salon life was Ida Brun, Constantin and Friederike Bruns oldest daughter. She had many prominent admirers both among the guests at Sophienholm and the prominent personages she met on travels with her parents around Europe, including Bertel Thorvaldsen in Rome. She performed at her mothers soirés both with singing and attitudes, a cross between postures, dance and acting,which she had learned directly from their inventor, Lady Hamilton in Naples. When Ida Brun married Louis Philippe de Bombelles, the Austrian Ambassador to Denmark, and left the country, the salons at Sophienholm faded out.</p><br>
<h3>After the Brun era</h3><br>
<p>The Brun era ended in 1836 when Constantin and Friederikke Brun died within a few month of each other. Ida Brun inherited Sophienholm but immediately sold it. In 1882, the estate was bought by Carl Aller, founder of Carl Allers Etablissement, a fast expanding publishing house. Sophienholm stayed in hands of the Aller family until it was bought by Lyngby-Taarbæk Municipality in 1963. They renovated the building and opened it to the public as an exhibition building.</p><br>
<h2>Sopheinholm today</h2><br>
<p>Sophienholm hosts 4&ndash;5 exhibitions a year. The park is used for concerts.</p><br>
<h2>List of former owners</h2><br>
<p>The St. John United Methodist Church in Shelbyville, Kentucky was a historic church located on College Street. It was built in 1896 and added to the National Register in 1984.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed to be the "best local example of frame Gothic Revival religious architecture" and also an "important landmark in the evolution of black religious history in Shelbyville."</p><br>
<p>The congregation was originally affiliated with the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church. The land to build a church was acquired from David H. Wayne in 1887, but construction did not commence until 1894, being completed in 1896. Over the next century, many notable figures in the African American history of Shelby County were members here, including Zora Clark, the first African American in the county to receive a nursing degree; T.S. Baxter, the first African American elected to the Shelbyville city council; and Emma Payne Roland, the first African American reporter for the local newspaper, the Shelby Sentinel. After various conference mergers, it eventually became a congregation of the United Methodist Church, and in 1996, moved to a modern worship space at 212 Martin Luther King Junior Street nearby.</p><br>
<p>The church building appears no longer to exist.</p><br>
<p>The church was one of the best local examples of Carpenter Gothic architecture, known for its tall steeple and 30 stained glass windows. At the time of its construction, it was the largest African American congregation in town, and served the largest congregation.</p><br>
<p>Bethel Baptist Church is a historic church near USA Route 68 in Fairview, Kentucky. It occupies the site where Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America, was born in 1808. The current structure was built in 1901 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation first formed on January 22, 1814, when fourteen members of West Fork Baptist Church branched off to form a new church. It was officially organized in March 22, 1816, with the first church located near Salubria Springs in Christian County. In 1823 the church relocated to a new site between the communities of Fairview and Pembroke.</p><br>
<p>By 1884 the church had outgrown its building, and members decided to split into two churches for Fairview and Pembroke. After 70 Pembroke members formed their own church on July 3, 1884 the remaining congregants determined to buy the old Davis family property, where President of the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis had been born in 1808.</p><br>
<p>The church was struck by lightning and burned down on August 23, 1900. The current building was erected on the same site; it was dedicated on September 29, 1901. It followed a similar Gothic Revival design as the original, being constructed of various materials and including ornate detailing and a complex roof line. The most notable difference was the addition of a rear wing. Bethel Baptist Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 17, 1977.</p><br>
<p>Burton Memorial Baptist Church  is a historic church on Cemetery Road in Bowling Green, Kentucky.The Church was organized December 28, 1850 by Mordecai F. Ham Sr., originally under the full name of "The United Baptist Church of Jesus Christ called Drakes Creek". Mordecai Ham Sr. was buried after his death at the Church Cemetery. His grandson, Mordecai F. Ham Jr., who is perhaps best known for leading Billy Graham to Christ, would later be ordained into ministry at then Drakes Creek Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>Drakes Creek became Burton Memorial in memory of founding member William Burton and in appreciation to the generous offer to build a new sanctuary by his grandson. The current stone sanctuary was constructed in 1911 and the education wing was added on in 1950.</p><br>
<p>Burton Memorial is a cooperating church with the Southern Baptist Convention and the Kentucky Baptist Convention.</p><br>
<p>The current pastor of Burton Memorial is Dallas Goebel, who has served in this position since August 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Connecticut General Life Insurance Company Headquarters is a historic award-winning commercial office complex at 900 Cottage Grove Road in Bloomfield, Connecticut. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 27, 2010. Built between 1954 and 1957, it is an important early example of suburban commercial office architecture, and one of the state&#39;s best example of the International style of architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. It continues to serve as the corporate headquarters for Cigna, as the company is now known.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The current Cigna headquarters complex occupies about 30 acre (out of what was originally about 280 acre), on the south side of Cottage Grove Road in southwestern Bloomfield. Former elements of the campus include the Gillette Ridge Golf Club, developed in 2004. The main building, now called the Wilde Building, is a large three-story structure, with a steel frame and largely glass exterior. The building is about 600 ft long, with six interior courtyards, laid out so that no interior space is more than 30 ft from a window. The steel framing elements are on the outside and courtyard walls, and serve as mullion-like separators between the window units. The interior floor plan is broken up by service cores, which house stairwells, elevators, and restrooms as well as other building infrastructure. There are escalators at roughly opposite ends of the building, providing additional access between the floors. A single-story cafeteria wing projects to the south.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, on a 280 acre campus, and was completed in 1957. According to the architecture firm, "The bucolic site, campus-like plan, and extensive amenities, including a full service cafeteria and after-hours programs, reflected a desire to offer a highly civilized and satisfying office environment to Connecticut General employees. The building set new standards for flexible space planning, efficiency of operation, economy of construction methods, maintenance programs, and planning for future expansion." The project won various architectural and landscape awards. The grounds, including two of the interior courtyards, were landscaped by sculptor and landscape architect Isamu Noguchi. The campus was the first of its type to be designed for a large corporate employer as office space, and was described by architect Michael Crosbie as an "inspiration for a generation of office parks".</p><br>
<p>The Wananalua Congregational Church is a historic 19th-century building on the remote coast of Maui in Hawaii.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wānanalua was the name of a traditional land division (ahupuaa) on the eastern coast of the island of Maui.</p><br>
<p>The name means "double prophecy" in the Hawaiian language.</p><br>
<p>The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions established a mission at the site in 1838. First residents were Daniel Toll Conde, and his wife Andelucia Lee Conde. Reverend Mark Ives (1809–1885) served at the station until 1840. In 1841 William Harrison Rice and his wife arrived, who stayed until 1844.</p><br>
<p>In 1848 the Condes moved to the Kaahumanu Church in Wailuku, and in 1855 after the death of his wife, Conde moved to Beloit, Wisconsin. Eliphalet W. Whittlesey (1816–1889) was stationed at the church from 1844 to 1854, and William Otis Baldwin from 1855 to 1860.</p><br>
<p>Sereno Edwards Bishop (1827–1909) and his wife Cornelia A. Sessions Bishop served the station from 1855 to 1865.</p><br>
<p>When land titles were formalized in the Mahele, 27.64 acre were recorded as awarded to the church.</p><br>
<p>The modern church boundary area of 3.7 acre was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii on November 23, 1988 as site 88002533.</p><br>
<p>It is located at the corner of and the Hana Highway (Route 31) at 20&deg;45&prime;6&Prime;N latitude, 155&deg;59&prime;12&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>Across the street is the Hotel Hana-Maui, originally called the Kauiki Inn.</p><br>
<p>It is named for the cinder cone Kauiki, which is the site of a rare Red Sand Beach, and a fortress from the time of ancient Hawaii where several historic battles were held. It was also the birthplace of powerful civil leader Queen Kaahumanu.</p><br>
<p>The J. F. Slater Memorial Museum, also known as Slater Memorial Museum, is an historic building and art museum on the grounds of the Norwich Free Academy in Norwich, Connecticut. It is designed in Richardsonian Romanesque architecture and is said to be the finest work of architect Stephen C. Earle.</p><br>
<p>It is a contributing property in the Chelsea Parade Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The museum was presented to the Norwich Free Academy by William A. Slater, son of John Fox Slater, who had endowed the school.</p><br>
<p>The museum features a collection of plaster casts of famous Roman, Greek, Egyptian and Renaissance statues. The museum also exhibits colonial and local historic artifacts, as well as 18th-20th-century American paintings and decorative arts, 17th-19th-century European paintings and decorative arts, African and Oceanic sculpture, and Native American objects. The adjacent Converse Art Gallery hosts six changing exhibitions throughout the year. The gallery, built in 1906, was designed by the leading local firm of Cudworth & Woodworth.</p><br>
<p>The museum is a member of the North American Reciprocal Museums program.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hollingsworth is a lake located near the center of the City of Lakeland, Florida. Its area is 350 acre. The lake is located just east of South Florida Avenue and west of Bartow Road. Lake Hollingsworth Drive and a path for biking and walking known as the Lake-To-Lake Trail are located along the entire circumference of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Florida Southern College is located on the north side of the lake, and from the path, an observer can see several of the buildings on campus designed by famed architect Frank Lloyd Wright. The lake is also a popular site for birdwatching, and some of the most commonly seen birds are roseate spoonbills, white pelicans, black-bellied plovers, and long-billed dowitchers.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hollingsworth bears the name of John Henry Hollingsworth, a pioneer who settled there.</p><br>
<p>Casa Belvedere is a cultural center devoted to Italian studies, located at 79 Howard Avenue, Grymes Hill, Staten Island, New York. The mansion was constructed in 1908, and is an Italian Renaissance style building with Arts and Crafts detailing. It is a -story, stuccoed masonry structure with a -story service wing and attached conservatory. It features an overhanging clay tile hipped roof with bracketed eaves and a portico with Ionic order columns and Doric order corner piers. Also on the property is a contributing former garage.</p><br>
<p>Over the years it housed a number of different families, including for several years being the official residence of the President of Wagner College. It was declared a New York City Landmark in 2006 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 as the Louis A. and Laura Stirn House. In 2008 it was purchased by Gina Biancardi and Luciano Rammaironi, and turned into a cultural center. In this role it hosts Italian language classes for both adults and children, wine tastings, lectures, films, cooking lessons, book signings, displays of Italian-made motor vehicles (e.g. Alfa Romeo, Lamborghini, and Vespa), and art exhibits, all with an Italian orientation.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Staten Island Advance, September 19, 2010, pages 1 and 6, with photos.</p><br>
<p>The Estero River is a 6.4 mi waterway in south Lee County, Florida, United States, near the census-designated place of Estero. It flows from east to west, emptying into Estero Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Access to the river can be gained at 26.43&deg; latitude, -81.81&deg; longitude.</p><br>
<p>The river is bounded on the west by Estero Bay. The eastern boundary is three miles east of I-75.</p><br>
<p>The northern and southern river banks are surrounded by developing housing communities towards the eastern part of the river, with greater biodiversity along the western banks.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Estero River, in Southwest Florida, is 6.52 miles long. It flows west and spills into Estero Bay estuary. The Estero River has abundant wildlife and is an important habitat for endangered species such as the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), Key Largo woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli), gray bat (Myotis grisescens), and the whooping crane (Grus americana) among others.</p><br>
<h3>Wildlife</h3><br>
<p>The mangroves on the banks of Estero River support a variety of wildlife and play a vital role in supporting the large biodiversity of the river. The majority of mangroves can be found at where the Estero River merges into Estero Bay.</p><br>
<p>The great blue heron (Ardea herodias) inhabits and breeds in both salt and fresh water habitats, making the Estero River perfect for this heron. It nests from "5 to 20 m above ground", and the trees surrounding the river make for a great nesting habitat. These herons feed mostly on aquatic and terrestrial insects that can be found along the river. The great egret (Ardea alba) does not directly compete with the great blue heron; instead it consumes small mammals, amphibians, and sometimes insects.</p><br>
<p>The tricolored heron (Egretta tricolor) is similar in diet and habitat to the great egret and can be spotted at the Estero River and estuary in the early morning. This heron nests closer to the ground and can coexist with the great blue heron. Its diet consists of insects and small amphibians.</p><br>
<p>American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) can be found along the Estero River, though the numbers are relatively small. This animal plays a crucial role in maintaining the biodiversity of the river by keeping the raccoon population in balance. Reported sightings happen along the western part of the river with isolated sightings in the eastern region. Their diet consists of small mammals, birds, and larger amphibians.</p><br>
<p>Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are one of the most common nocturnal mammals inhabiting the area. Their diet is omnivorous, consisting of berries, plants, smaller vertebrates, and invertebrates. It is not uncommon to see one during the day. This mammal has grown used to human presence.</p><br>
<p>The Estero River is a rich habitat for insects. An abundance of mosquito species can be found near the river, which is a perfect habitat for them. Females consume blood for the vital proteins required for egg development. Both males and females are pollinators and consume plant nectar for sustenance. The orb-weaver spider is found in abundance along the river banks. This spider is easily identified by the shape of its web. It eats small insects. Also bees can be found nesting on overhanging trees.</p><br>
<h3>Human impact on the ecosystem</h3><br>
<p>The water quality in the eastern part of the river is lower compared to the western part; this is attributed to the increasing human development in the Estero area and the subsequent waste.</p><br>
<p>The water quality increases dramatically with the distance from the drainage outlets and surrounding houses.</p><br>
<p>Since the majority of development occurs on the banks of the eastern parts of the river the water quality decreases inland.Concepts in river ecology: implications for indicator development</p><br>
<p>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199711/12)13:6%3C501::AID-RRR479%3E3.0.CO;2-1/abstract</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first inhabitants known to occupy the Estero River were the Calusa Indians around 7000 years ago. They used the river for transportation and food; they were heavily dependent on fishing. Even though they lived on the Estero, much of their history is located around the Caloosahatchee River, where they first encountered European settlers. Artifacts are still being discovered in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Calusa&#39;s first contact with Europeans was with Spaniard, Juan Ponce de León around 1513. After that they began to diminish. Even though they used the Estero River they also stayed centrally around the Caloosahatchee River, which was a much more sophisticated and reliable river.</p><br>
<p>The river&#39;s recorded history started with Gustave Damkohler, who found the river in 1882 and lived alongside it in a small shack with his family. In 1894 traveled to his hometown in Chicago, Illinois where he met Cyrus Teed, the leader of Koreshanity (a new religious movement). Damkohler offered Teed 300 acres of the land in Estero, including access to the river. Cyrus and a small group of followers moved to Florida, arrived at Estero Bay, and made their way up the Estero River to what is now the Koreshan State Historic Site. They gradually started to build a community and called more and more believers to come down from Chicago. The Koreshans had a major ecological impact on the river when they were living there. They traveled it every day, going in and out of the Estero bay. They hunted and gathered foods from Mound Key, an island just west of the Estero River inlet and used canoes, which were the fastest way of traveling at the time. They also fished the river. The Koreshans believed the earth was like a cell, and they were living on the inside looking at the center of the cell as the atmosphere of the earth. They lived in Estero alongside the river until 1961 when their land was given over to the state of Florida. The Koreshan cult, being believers in immortality and celibacy, had been in decline since 1908 when Cyrus Teed died. All that exists of the Koreshans is the state historic site where people may visit the land and observe the history of the Koreshan people. Canoeing, kayaking, boating, and fishing are still available at the local dock of the Estero River Outfitter store.</p><br>
<p>The Estero River has an ongoing connection to the history of Florida. During modern times, new developments have been built by the river and it has become more of a landmark than it was in the past. The river is still accessible from about 6.4 miles inland to the outlet at the Estero Bay. Many boaters who live on the river visit the island of Mound Key and do a little exploring as the Calusa did. The river is now used for mainly sport fishing and sightseeing. Although the river was hit hard by hurricanes Wilma and Charley in the past couple of years it has been available to boating.</p><br>
<p>Old St. Teresa Church is located in downtown Albany, Georgia on Residence Ave. It is the oldest church building in Albany, and the oldest Catholic Church still in use in Georgia. The name Old St. Teresa Catholic Church was given, because it changed to a new location in Albany. The church was kept in use and at least one mass is a held every week.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the church began in 1859, on land that was given by Col. Nelson Tift, the founder of Albany. The bricks that make up the building were handmade by slaves on a plantation near Newton, Georgia. Due to the Civil War, construction of the church was halted before the interior was completed. It was then used as a hospital for wounded Confederate Soldiers. After the war, the building was completed and dedicated under the patronage of St. Teresa of Avila on November 19, 1882 by William ll. Gross, D.D., who was the Bishop of Savannah at the time.</p><br>
<h2>Currently</h2><br>
<p>A new larger parish church was dedicated into use in 1958, but the downtown location was kept as a second church. A Mass is conducted every Wednesday at noon at the Residence Ave. address.</p><br>
<p>The Eagles Home is a historic building located in Evansville, Indiana. It was designed by Evansville architect Harry Boyle and was built in 1912. It has served as a clubhouse, college, and law firm. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It currently serves as the Evansville office of the Jackson Kelly law firm.</p><br>
<h2>Fraternal Order of Eagles</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by Evansville architect Harry Boyle and was constructed in 1912 for a local chapter of the Fraternal Order of Eagles. Originally made up of those engaged in one way or another in the performing arts, the Eagles grew and claimed credit for establishing the Mothers Day holiday in the United States as well as the impetus for Social Security. Their lodges are known as "aeries". The organizations success is also attributed to its funeral benefits (no Eagle was ever buried in a potter&#39;s field), the provision of an aerie physician, and other membership benefits.</p><br>
<p>The local chapter was successful enough that in 1940 a rear addition was completed on the building, giving the building 32,000 square feet on three floors. By 1965 the group began discussions about moving to a new location. However, the Eagles&#39; restrictive (and often racist) membership policies caused delays in a proposed move to another downtown location. By 1968 it had identified a new location at a building on a 21-acre tract just west of Burkhardt Road on Boonville Highway.</p><br>
<h2>Lockyear Business College</h2><br>
<p>By the late nineteenth-century, a few business colleges operated in downtown Evansville, probably spurred by the recent invention of the typewriter. Melvin H. Lockyear co-founded Columbian Business College at Second and Main streets in 1893, and four years later the school was incorporated as Lockyear Business College. The school relocated to 209 NW Fifth St. where a new facility was built in 1911 (immediately adjacent to the Eagles Home in what is now a parking lot). In 1968 the college acquired the Eagles Home nearby and used it as the students&#39; union.</p><br>
<p>Besides offering traditional business courses, the Lockyear Business College offered a popular Dale Carnegie salesmanship development program that graduated over 6,000 by 1962. Lockyear was approaching its centennial when it closed in April 1991 after the schools owners filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. In March 1992 the Eagles Home building was sold to National City Bank at a sheriffs sale after foreclosing on $400,000 in loans made to former officials of Lockyear. The original college building was razed in 1993 to make way for a 41-space courtyard parking lot, but the Eagles Home remained standing.</p><br>
<h2>Professional and law office use</h2><br>
<p>In 1994, the building was converted into office space and used by an accounting group and a law firm. About 6,500 square feet was occupied by Kemper CPA Group. About 5,700 square feet on the second floor was used by the law firm of Mattingly, Rudolph, Fine and Porter (later more commonly known as Rudolph, Fine, Porter & Johnson, LLP ("RFPJ") until 2014 which merged with the Jackson Kelly law firm). By 2006, the entire building was occupied by RFPJ and Lockyear Title until the merge with Jackson Kelly.</p><br>
<p>The Eagles Temple was a prominent Fraternal Order of Eagles building in downtown Akron, Ohio, United States. With its high-styled Art Deco architecture, it was home to an organization with thousands of members, and it was designated a historic site when not yet sixty-five years old.</p><br>
<p>Akrons Eagles aerie arranged for the construction of the building in 1917, contracting with the architectural firm of Boenisch, Kraus, and Helmkamp for the design. Founded in 1904, its new occupants were among the oldest local chapters of the FOE, which itself was established just six years before the Akron chapter. The original building was a large Neoclassical structure with a traditional masonry facade. Little more than a decade passed, and the members were no longer satisfied with the appearance of their meeting place; they rehired the original contractor to convert its appearance to the new Art Deco style with its early modern architecture influences. Construction was completed in 1930, by which time the Great Depression had begun, but the aerie remained financially strong. As the members saw it as their duty to help the poor in such dire times, the building was opened to assist non-members, and aerie money was spent on financing dinners for the indigent. In some months, the kitchens served more than eighteen thousand charity meals. Following the Second World War, the aerie continued to grow, with a membership roll surpassing eight thousand at points in the 1950s. By the late 1960s, the original building had become insufficient for the aeries needs, due largely to transportation: the early members had commuted via streetcars, but with the rise of the automobile, there was nowhere for thousands of cars to be parked. A new building was finished in 1968, with extensive parking space, and the Temple was left empty. A Christian youth organization bought the building and ran a haunted house in it for five years, but left in 1974. The group sold the building in early 1987, and it was demolished in May of the same year.</p><br>
<p>Following the reconstruction of 1930, the Eagles&#39; Temple was primarily a terracotta structure; the sides remained brick-faced, but the facade was covered with terracotta tiles. Stark vertical elements divided the three-story facade into five bay. A tall belt course, several feet high, separated the first-story doors from the second-story windows, while elaborate artwork was placed between the second- and third-story windows. Some elements of metalwork and stonework were placed for additional decoration. The basic design remained that of the original structure, although modified so thoroughly that its Neoclassical origins were no longer apparent.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the former Eagles Temple was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its significant architecture and its place in local history. Another Register-listed building, the Akron Post Office and Federal Building, sits on the opposite side of Market Street. Although more than a quarter century has passed since the temple&#39;s demolition, it officially remains listed on the Register.</p><br>
<p>Teeple Barn was a historic structure in Elgin, Illinois. It was a sixteen-sided barn designed by W. Wright Abell for Lester Teeple, a dairy farmer. In 1979, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the only surviving sixteen-sided barn in Illinois. The barn was destroyed on May 27, 2007, following a storm.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lester Teeple was an early settler in the Elgin, Illinois, vicinity. He ordered the construction of the barn to store lumber in 1885. Teeple wanted to construct an octagon barn, a style typical in the area, particularly with Flemish immigrants. However, the lumber he intended to use to build it was not long enough to allow such a construction. W. Wright Abell was tasked with designing the barn, which was given sixteen sides instead of eight; the barn was his last known standing building. Teeple&#39;s farm provided dairy products to the Midwest. Hay would be distributed throughout the barn by a fork pulley system that allowed the hay to be dropped anywhere in the barn. Teeple Barn was renowned as the largest barn in the Elgin area, and one of the first designed with a professional architect. The barn remained in the Teeple family for over a hundred years, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 10, 1979. In 1996, a non-profit group, AgTech, was created to restore the barn, and managed to restore the cupola in 1999. The group raised over $300,000 for repairs to the barn, which was the last sixteen-sided barn remaining in Illinois. On May 25, 2007, Teeple Barn was destroyed in a severe storm, and the remains were demolished a few days later.</p><br>
<p>Unlike an octagon barn, the silo was located outside the main structure. The interior of the barn featured X-bracing to support the many sides. The roof was supported by a Howe truss. The building was 85 ft tall and had a diameter of 85 ft. A locally fired brick floor was laid on a fieldstone and concrete foundation. A red and white cupola topped the building until 1973, when a tornado struck the building; it was restored in 1999. Concrete buttresses were installed in 1952 to provide support for modern machinery.</p><br>
<p>The William Ruth Mansion House is a historic house in Leipsic, Delaware. Originally built for William Ruth, a merchant and trustee of the first free school in Delaware, the house was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on April 11, 1973.</p><br>
<p>Ruth bought the property in 1807 and started his "Mansion House" soon thereafter. His house-builder used Owen Biddles 1805 pattern book, The Young Carpenters Assistant, for some of the designs, specifically the step end brackets of the main stair, which match the pattern book exactly (see photo). The house has been added to and renovated a number of times. The north section was added ca. 1841. The house contains 9 fireplaces, 6 in the original brick L-shaped section, including a large kitchen fireplace with original crane intact.</p><br>
<p>The main section had a second floor bay window added during the Victorian period, and the main section was renovated in the 1910s, adding a new newel post and main front door in the entrance hall, as well as sliding double doors into the main parlor, and French doors between the main parlor and the new dining room in a new frame addition to the rear, and a new front porch. The new front door and newel post are very similar to designs published in the Sears catalogues in the 1910s. An open porch behind the 1920s kitchen was enclosed in the 1950s. There are a number of shed additions to the rear of varying dates.</p><br>
<p>William Ruth was a merchant who bought local produce and shipped it to Philadelphia from the port of Leipsic, Delaware, then known as Fast Landing, which was renamed Leipsic in 1814. He died in 1822, willing the property in two halves, splitting the house in half.</p><br>
<p>Miss Albany Diner  is a historic diner in Albany, New York, built in 1941 and located at 893 Broadway, one of the oldest streets in Albany. Used as a set for the 1987 film Ironweed, which starred Jack Nicholson and Meryl Streep, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1929 the site was occupied by a lunch cart that provided hot food to workers in the area. It was succeeded by a prefabricated diner built by the Ward & Dickinson Dining Car Company. The current building was erected in 1941 and originally called Lil&#39;s Diner. It is a "Silk City Diner model, manufactured by the Paterson Vehicle Company in Paterson, New Jersey, one of the leading diner manufacturers of the time. The building is typical of the prefabricated diners that were common from the 1920s through the 1940s, built to resemble railroad cars and incorporating elements of Art Deco design. With its interior of cherry wood and porcelain enamelled steel and a geometrically tiled floor, it is one of the few pre-World War II diners in the United States in near-original condition. The interior was depicted by the photorealist artist Ralph Goings in his 1993 painting Miss Albany Diner.</p><br>
<p>The diner changed hands over the years and was called successively Elaines, the Firehouse Diner, and the Street Car Diner. Its current name was shared by a chain of several now defunct Miss Albany Diners owned by Stillman Pitts which were popular in Albany during the 1920s, one of which (on Central Avenue) is explicitly mentioned in William Kennedys novel Roscoe. When Kennedys earlier novel Ironweed was made into a film in 1986, the diner was restored for use as one of the films principal locations and given the name "Miss Albany Diner". At the time, a product placement bidding war ensued between Pepsi Cola and Coca-Cola over whose logo would be on the top of the diner.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, after the filming of Ironweed ended, the diner was bought by Cliff Brown and his wife Jane. Cliff Brown, a former Albany resident and retired insurance salesman for New York Life, gave it the name used in the film, which it has retained to the present day. In late 2009, Brown was 82 and wanted to retire. The diner was put up for sale, but as of 2010, it had still not been sold and continued to be run by Jane Brown.</p><br>
<p>In February 2012, two years after Clifford Browns death, the diner was finally bought by Matthew Baumgartner, the head of a property company that owns a nearby beer garden and several other restaurants in Albany. Baumgartner said that the diners structure would be retained when he and his partners develop the site, but that there were no plans to run it as a diner. Jane Brown and her son retained the rights to the "Miss Albany Diner" name and its signature recipes. The Miss Albany served its last meal as a diner on February 10, 2012.</p><br>
<h2>The diner's restaurant</h2><br>
<p>The Miss Albany Diner served breakfast, lunch and coffee on a "cash only" basis and was open Tuesday through Sunday until 2:15 pm, with both waiter and take-out service. Its signature dishes included:</p><br>
<p>Georgian Eggs (eggs any style over sweet potatoes and scallions and topped with peanut sauce)</p><br>
<p>Mad Eggs (a toasted English muffin, topped with eggs, scallions and curry sauce)</p><br>
<p>Calamity Jane (omelette with tomatoes, onions, peppers, swiss cheese, sausage and Tabasco sauce)</p><br>
<p>Mad Irish Toast (two thick slices of French toast made from challah bread, filled with pecans and cream cheese and covered in a sauce made from Irish whiskey and butterscotch).</p><br>
<p>The dishes were created by the owners&#39; son Bill Brown, who had been a chef at the diner for many years. Mad Irish Toast was named one of the "Best Bites of 2002" by the Chicago Sun-Times.</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank Building is an historic building located in downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is now known as the US Bank Building, its main tenant.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After the National Banking and Currency Act was passed by Congress and signed into law in 1863, First National Bank in Davenport was the first bank in the country to open under its provisions. The bank was headed by Austin Corbin, who had previously been a partner in Macklot and Corbin in Davenport. A $12.60 check written by Henry Hess was the first check in the country to clear the new banking system. The bank suffered some financial difficulties in the 1870s and was re-chartered in 1882. In the 1920s First National Bank merged with Iowa National Bank and maintained the name of the former. After the Bank Holiday in 1933, Union Savings Bank and Trust assumed control of First National Bank. The upper floors of the building remained occupied after the bank’s failure, but the main banking room was not occupied by another bank again until the late 20th century. In the meantime, the main floor had been used for retail. Tenants on the upper floors are mainly professionals such as dentists, medical doctors, attorneys, and insurance agents.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The First National Bank Building is the third building on the same site for the bank. It replaced a building that was destroyed by a fire. The building was designed by Chicago architects Frank A. Childs and William Jones Smith in the Renaissance Revival style. It rises 144 ft above the ground and includes nine floors with a steel frame and brick construction. The structure is built on a concrete foundation and is faced with stone. Its form is restrained, but the decoration on the lower level of the building is not. The stylistic details evoke the Renaissance Revival style and combines classical precedents with forms that are associated with the sixteenth century Italian Renaissance. These stylistic elements are combined with the technological advances of the Chicago School.</p><br>
<p>The building can be divided into three sections: a two-story base; five floors of offices; and a two-story section at the top that terminates in a bracketed cornice. The lower level of the building is a tall arcade of round arches and pilasters with detailed capitals. The capitals feature carvings of eagles and buffalo among floral motifs. The main entrance on Second Street is in a recessed rounded arch in the center of the building. An ornate bronze screen above the doors is covered with urns, floral designs and Grecian or Roman figures.</p><br>
<p>Above the doorway arch are two reclining figures by Adolph A. Weinman, who was also responsible for the pediment over the Jefferson Memorial entrance in Washington, D.C. and the frieze in the courtroom of the USA Supreme Court. Carved figures by Corrado Parducci occupy the inside of the archway. The figures on the left depict labor, agriculture, industry, and commerce and on the right are depictions of law, philosophy, security, and banking. An inscription above the third floor of the building notes that the building housed the first National bank in the United States.</p><br>
<p>A clock originally mounted on the Scott County Savings Bank building was placed on the northeast corner of the building in 1994. The clock was made of copper in 1918 and weighs 600 pounds. An awning was built on the west side of the building to cover the lanes of the motor banking facilities and ATMs. The first-floor interior has been modified from its original appearance and it retains little of historic importance.</p><br>
<p>The five floors of office space that make up the second section provide a contrast with the base of the building and except for quoins, are unadorned. The windows in this section are set close to the exterior wall plane. A narrow cornice divides the second and third sections. Its two-story pilasters emphasize the structure&#39;s vertical thrust, but the dark, recessed spandrels counteract the effect. The building culminates in a wide, bracketed, overhanging cornice.</p><br>
<p>The building was one of five 1920s-era structures voted as the 50 Most Significant Iowa Buildings of the 20th Century by the Iowa Chapter of the American Institute of Architects.</p><br>
<p>St. Michael&#39;s Church , also known as Church of the Archangels Michael and Gabriel is an Orthodox church in Moscopole, modern southeastern Albania.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was erected in 1722 and is one out of five remaining churches in the once prosperous Aromanian metropolis of Moscopole.</p><br>
<p>During the prohibition of religion in Albania, in 1948, it was turned to a cultural monument of the state. In 1996 the church became a target of vandalism by Muslim fanatics with 23 paintings of Saints being heavily damaged.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>It is a basilica-type church with a main nave and two lateral aisles. The dimensions are 33m x 15m x 9m. There are two main pillars. Two lines of columns divide the central nave from the two lateral aisles and all three aisles have the same height as the naos. The columns are connected among one another on both directions. Each one of the three aisles has a cupola, and each one of the three cupolas is different. On the eastern side the apse is outside of the cupola and some pillars cover it. The narthex is on the western side, and its construction is similar to the remaining part of the naos. The narthex has stone columns with arches and cupolas. The cloister is absent as it has been destroyed, but there are still signs of the original one.</p><br>
<p>Saint Gjon Vladimir&#39;s Church  is a church in Shijon, Elbasan County, Albania. It is dedicated to the Dukljan prince and saint Jovan Vladimir, the son-in-law of the Bulgarian Tsar Samuil. It became a Cultural Monument of Albania in 1948. The first temple is the oldest large Orthodox basilica from the times of Tsar Samuil, rebuilt as present church by the Thopia family in 1381. During the 18th century Kostandin Shpataraku painted the walls of the church.</p><br>
<p>An Orthodox monastery grew around the church, and became the seat of the newly founded Archdiocese of Dyrrhachium in the 18th century. Gregory of Durrës, the archbishop of Dyrrhachium from 1768 to 1772, wrote there the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript, the oldest work of Albanian Orthodox literature; the manuscript is also notable for being the only document in the Albanian Elbasan script.</p><br>
<p>St. Athanasius&#39; Church  is an Orthodox church in Moscopole, Albania.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The church was erected in 1721. The church now serves as a cemetery church in Moscopole. It is a basilica-type church, with a central nave and two lateral aisles, and is found in the northeastern side of Moscopole, at the Akamnel neighborhood. The church has two cupolas that stay on two main pillars and eight surrounding columns. The dimensions of the two naves are 19m x 10.50m x 8m, and the length of the cupolas goes up to 9m. The apses are decorated externally by seven arches at the main entrance and four arches ones on each side. The side arches are topped by small windows. The cloister is 18.90m long dhe 2.85m large, surrounded by 6 arches, which stand on 5 columns, each covered by a double capitals.</p><br>
<p>The church was declared a Cultural Monument of Albania. however its icons have been stolen 5 times from 1990 to 2010. The last theft removed from the church icons painted in 1724.</p><br>
<p>St. Nicholas&#39; Church  is an Orthodox church in Moscopole, Albania. The church was erected in 1721.</p><br>
<p>It is a Cultural Monument of Albania since 1948.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The church was built in 1721. The structure consists of a basilica-type construction Struktura with a naos covered with a cupola, a narthex and a cloister. The interiors of the church are decorated with mural paintings executed by David Selenica and his helpers Kostandin and Kristo. The art of Selenicasi is distinguished by its realistic nature, as it is witnessed by the portrait of the donor, as well as by a deep theological knowledge. According to the inscription, the portrait of the donor the painting was finished in 1726 and this was determined by an archaeologic expedition in 1953. 24 years later, in 1750, the Zografi Brothers painted the cloister.</p><br>
<p>St. Elijah&#39;s Church  is an Orthodox church in Moscopole , Korçë County, Albania. It is a Cultural Monument of Albania.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The St. Elijah Church in Moscopole, Albania is 11.5m tall, 20m long, and 13m large. It has a flat ceiling on the lateral aisles. The naos is basilica-type and is divided into three aisles (the nave and the two lateral aisles) by two files of columns. The columns are made of stone and are connected by longitudinal arches, on top of which tall walls divide the aisles. The central nave is illuminated by windows that are on the lateral aisles. The cloister is on the southern side, as well as the narthex. There is no cloister on the western side. The yard of the church had walls, at the angle of which once existed a bell tower, now destroyed.</p><br>
<p>Taos Inn is an historic inn located in Taos, New Mexico. It is made up of several adobe houses dating from the 19th century, one of which was a home of Thomas "Doc" Martin which hosted the formative meeting of the Taos Society of Artists in 1915. After Doc&#39;s death, his widow Helen Martin converted the houses into a hotel, which opened on June 7, 1936 as Hotel Martin. The name was changed to "Taos Inn" by subsequent owners.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1981 and to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Doc Martin's restaurant</h2><br>
<p>Taos Inn is home to Doc Martins, a restaurant located in the former offices of Doc Martin. Doc Martins has won 19 annual Wine Spectator magazine "Awards of Excellence".</p><br>
<p>The Crawford-Dorsey House in Lovejoy, Georgia was first begun by William Crawford in circa 1820. The area was then Henry County. Then in the mid-1850s Mr. Stephen Dorsey bought the home. He then moved his home on log rollers to the site of the Crawford home and connected the two homes together to form one residence. In 1858, this part of Henry County became Clayton County. Mr. Dorsey also became a Judge for the county. He was married to Lucinda McConnell.</p><br>
<p>By the time of the Civil War in 1861, he had amassed 2,400 acres of land in Clayton County and 500 acres in Henry County. He also possessed 41 slaves which made him one of the largest land and slave owners of Clayton County. The Civil War came to his home on July 28, 1864 during the McCook-Stoneman Raid. Judge Dorsey was hidden for fear of capture by the Union soldiers. Then the next incursion to his property was on August 20, 1864 during the Kilpatrick Raid to Lovejoy Station. The fighting began at Lovejoy and spread across Judge Dorseys land on into Henry County. Then the Union Soldiers returned when General Hardee of the CSA lost at Jonesboro on August 31-September 1, 1864. Then General Hood CSA also abandoned Atlanta to move into Lovejoy where he stayed for approximately two weeks. Then the last time the Union forces came to Lovejoy and Mr. Dorseys land was when General Kilpatrick came through on the March to the Sea and drove General Iverson CSA to Griffin.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, in 1867 a group of women from Griffin brought a train of flat cars to Lovejoy and recovered approximately 700 skeletons to take to Griffin to start the Confederate Cemetery. Lovejoy and the Dorsey property would not change much. Mr. Dorsey filed for reparations from damages done during the war, but by 1881 he had gotten nowhere. By the time the 20th century would come around the Hastings Seed Company would come to the area to grow flowers, shrubs, and trees to be shipped everywhere. Even the Dorsey family had gotten in on the Nursery business and they still to this day have a tree farm in Henry County.</p><br>
<p>The old Crawford-Dorsey House and family cemetery were placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1984. The Clayton County Historical Society was thinking of restoring the old home for an attraction when it mysteriously burned in December 1984. From 1979 to 1984 there was extensive archaeological and artifact recovery done and shipped to the Atlanta Historical Society. The property had become part of the Clayton County Water Authority to be used as a sprayfield. The cemetery remains as well as the earthworks from the Civil War out behind where the old house once stood.</p><br>
<p>Fire Barn 5 or Fire Station 5 is a historic building in Elgin, Illinois. It was the fifth official fire barn in Elgin, originally housing horses and a fire fighting carriage. Over the years, the carriage was replaced by automobiles. The building is an example of Classical Revival architecture and operated as a fire station until 1991, the year it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It now functions the Elgin Fire Barn No. 5 Museum, a museum of firefighting history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Elgin, Illinois was first settled in the 1830s and was incorporated in 1854. Upon incorporation, the city was able to raise taxes for public buildings, including a town hall and schools. With the success of the Elgin National Watch Company and the Gail Borden Condensing Company, Elgin became a prosperous manufacturing town by the late 1860s. It was at this point when the first fire department of Elgin was established following a bad fire on July 15, 1865. A storage facility was built for firefighting equipment, and featured a bell to alarm citizens when a fire broke out. Elgin citizens were eager to support the department because of reduced insurance premiums. Fire hydrants were installed in 1875. The department ran on a volunteer basis until the late 1880s, when professional carriage-drivers were hired to drive the fire engine. The growth of the department closely followed the growth of Elgin as a whole. The first fire station, capable of housing on-duty firefighters, was opened on January 19, 1889 on the site of the original truck house. Two years later, a second station was opened on Chicago Street near State Street. Two additional fire houses were built in 1896.</p><br>
<p>The economic success of Elgin in the early 1900s inspired town officials to build a fifth fire station in a distinct architectural style. The new station was built on the corner of Arlington Avenue and St. Charles Street. The city bought the lot from Thomas S. Wallin for $800. Local architect Smith Hoag was tasked with the fire house&#39;s design. The Classical Revival structured was completed in 1903 at a cost of $6,262. The first fire house captain was William Seyfarth. The station was built in near-isolation in the southeast extremes of Elgin, but the nearby neighborhoods quickly filled in. Wallin also deeded a small lot by the station to be used as a recreational area. In 1905, a fountain and basin were constructed there and stocked with fish. In the 1910s, many of the horse-drawn carriages of the fire department were replaced with automobiles. Telephone lines were installed between stations in 1919. During the Great Depression, Fire Station 5 was closed and the men instead worked Fire Station 1. While closed, the building briefly operated as the studio for sculptor Trygve Rovelstad. Fire Station Five reopened in 1939. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 5, 1991, shortly before it was to cease function as an operating station. It now operates as a museum and contains historical fire fighting artifacts, including a Silsby Steamer engine used to fight the Great Chicago Fire in 1871.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Smith Hoag wanted the Fire Barn to reflect the changing public perception of firemen. The front of the building (south) was intended to resemble a commercial storefront with a large apparatus door. The door is not original; it had to be replaced to meet the demands of larger firefight equipment. The Classical Revival style was popular in the 1900s; Hoag incorporated elements of the style by including a second-floor bay window and fancy window shapes. The main door and bay window are both flanked with windows on each side. The building was built with blonde brick with red brick highlights on lintels at quoins. The roof is hipped and features a domed, octagonal, wooden cupola, used as a bell tower. A semi-circular stained glass window adorns the east side with brick pilasters below a brick frieze. Two windows are on east side of the semi-circular window. The south end of the eastern exterior has a chimney and the north end a dormer. The west side is similar to the east, but has a two-story bay window and no chimney or dormer. The north end features smaller windows and a hayloft.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the front of the building originally housed the fire fighting apparatus while the rear housed the horses. Personnel stayed on the second floor and could access the first floor via a brass sliding pole. A steep staircase, intended to keep horses from following firemen up to their quarters, also led to the second floor. Hay was stored on the third floor loft. The captain had a room of his own with a desk.</p><br>
<p>Ōtāhuhu / Mount Richmond is one of the volcanoes of the Auckland volcanic field. A group of scoria mounds up to 50 m high, it has two 50 m wide craters. It was the site of a pā, and retains some Māori earthworks from that time such as kumara pits and terracing.</p><br>
<p>The nearby suburb of Otahuhu is named after the volcano, which refers to eating uncooked huhu grubs. This was done by Waikato Tainui who, on dragging their waka across the portage, discovered several rotten tree trunks full of huhu grubs.</p><br>
<p>In the 2014 Treaty of Waitangi settlement with the Tamaki Makaurau Collective of 13 Auckland iwi, the volcano was officially named Ōtāhuhu / Mount Richmond and ownership was vested to the collective. It is now co-governed by the collective and Auckland Council in common benefit of the iwi "and all other people of Auckland".</p><br>
<p>The Melchior Islands are a group of many low, ice-covered islands lying near the center of Dallmann Bay in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. They were first seen but left unnamed by a German expedition under Eduard Dallmann, 1873–74. The islands were resighted and roughly charted by the Third French Antarctic Expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, 1903–05. Charcot named what he believed to be the large easternmost island in the group "Île Melchior" after Vice Admiral Jules Melchior of the French Navy, but later surveys proved Charcot&#39;s Île Melchior to be two islands, now called Eta Island and Omega Island. The name Melchior Islands has since become established for the whole island group now described, of which Eta Island and Omega Island form the eastern part, while the Sigma Islands mark the northern limit of the islands. The group was roughly surveyed in 1927 by Discovery Investigations personnel in the RRS Discovery, and was resurveyed by Argentine expeditions in 1942 and 1943, and again in 1948.</p><br>
<p>Lambda Island is an island lying immediately north-west of Delta Island in the Melchior Islands, of the Palmer Archipelago in Antarctica. The island, the largest in the north-western part of the island group, was first roughly charted and named "Île Sourrieu" by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903–05 under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, but that name has not survived in usage. The current name, derived from lambda, the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet, was given by Discovery Investigations personnel who roughly charted the island in 1927. The island was surveyed by Argentine expeditions in 1942, 1943 and 1948.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>A lighthouse named ‘Primero de Mayo’ was erected on the island by Argentina in 1942. It was the first Argentine lighthouse in the Antarctic and has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 29), following a proposal by Argentina to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.</p><br>
<p>The Breakwater Lodge in the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront, Cape Town, South Africa was built as a prison in 1859. It is now part of the University of Cape Town and a hotel.</p><br>
<p>The original prison was built in 1859 for convicts from Britain at the suggestion of John Montagu who was the colonial secretary to the Cape of Good Hope from 1843 to 1852. They were transported to The Cape to work on the construction of the breakwater which would allow the harbour which is now the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront to be built. The remains of a treadmill on which prisoners were punished can still be seen.</p><br>
<p>During the later part of the 19th century other prisoners were accommodated at Breakwater prison and it was the first site to racially segregate black and white convicts.</p><br>
<p>In 1902 white prisoners were moved into a new building, called the Industrial Breakwater Prison, which remains today. The design with four castellated turrets and an enclosed courtyard was styled after Millbank and Pentonville prisons in England. After ten years as a prison it became a juvenile offenders institution and from 1926 until 1989 a hostel for black dock workers.</p><br>
<p>Since 1991 it has served as the business school of University of Cape Town and hotel run by the Protea chain.</p><br>
<p>Ardley Island is an island 1 nmi long, lying in Maxwell Bay close off the south-west end of King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. It was charted as a peninsula in 1935 by Discovery Investigations personnel of the Discovery II and named for Lieutenant R.A.B. Ardley, Royal Naval Reserve, an officer on the ship in 1929–31 and 1931–33. Aerial photography has since shown that the feature is an island with Braillard Point being the headland forming the northeast end of Ardley Island. It has been designated an Antarctic Specially Protected Area  because of the importance of its seabird colonies.</p><br>
<h2>Birds</h2><br>
<p>The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it supports a breeding colony of about 4600 pairs of gentoo penguins, as well as smaller numbers of Adélie and chinstrap penguins, southern giant petrels, Wilson&#39;s and black-bellied storm petrels, Cape petrels, brown and south polar skuas, and Antarctic terns.</p><br>
<p>A 2016 study examined lake guano sediments and studied penguin population dynamics over 7,000 years. Three of five population growth phases were terminated by a sudden crash, due to volcanic eruptions from the active volcano of Deception Island, 120 km to the southwest.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>There are two Chilean semi-permanent summer-only research shelters. Ripamonti I (62°12’ S; 58°53’ W)</p><br>
<p>was established in 1982, in the northern coast of Ardley, and Ripamonti II (former Alfred Wegener Institute</p><br>
<p>hut, ceded to Chile by Germany in 1997) lies almost 100 metres southwest from Braillard Point on the south-eastern part, inside the penguin breeding colonies. There are also two Argentinean buildings in the area that make up the Ballvé Refuge, set up in 1953, approximately 50 meters east of Ripamonti I.</p><br>
<p>An Argentinean radio beacon facilitates navigation, looking towards Maxwell Bay (Fildes Bay).</p><br>
<p>All the structures described remain in the area year-round.</p><br>
<p>The scientists come from King George Island for their expeditions.</p><br>
<p>Oileán Ruaidh , anglicised as Island Roy, also called Oileán an Bhráighe , is a small island in Mulroy Bay, County Donegal, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Oileán Ruaidh is low lying, gravel-based, and occupies 91.46 acre. It has green fields, abundant growth of seaweed - used for healthy bathing - and the landscape has views of Rossapenna&#39;s sand-dunes, the surrounding Mulroy coastline, and the Donegal hills.</p><br>
<p>It is situated some three and a half miles from the mainland villages of Downings and Carrigart.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The island was formerly known as Oileán an Bhráighe, meaning island of the prisoners, which is its official name. It formerly had links with Doe Castle on Rossapenna, so this probably explains the origin of that name.</p><br>
<p>The present name, Oileán Ruaidh, means red island, so called for the vibrant rusty colour of the vegetation in winter. The English name, Island Roy is an anglicisation created by surveyors in the 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There has been continuous settlement here for several hundred if not thousands of years, and most of the island&#39;s residents are descended from original settlers.</p><br>
<p>The island faced desertion in the early 19th century when Lord Leitrim sought to banish his tenants and put the island&#39;s pastures to use for cattle grazing. His plans were thwarted by a female resident who held a 99-year lease on her land, and so all the tenants were allowed to remain and the island was saved for its people.</p><br>
<p>Today, 26 people live on the island, though it held over 65 some decades ago. Farming, shellfish-rearing, and tourism are the main ways of life of the islanders. They have invested in new infrastructure to cater for the growing visitor demand.</p><br>
<p>A nickel-iron meteorite found on the surface of the planet Mars by the Opportunity rover in 2010 was named Oileán Ruaidh by scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.</p><br>
<p>The Huntersville State Forest is a state forest located in Wadena County, Minnesota. Around half of the forest is managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, with the other half controlled privately.</p><br>
<p>The history of the forest mirrors that of the majority of northern Minnesota. The area was inhabited by the Ojibwe and the Dakota prior to European settlement. The French fur traders were the first Europeans to arrive to the area in the early eighteenth century, and controlled the fur trade until the 1760s, when British and Canadians came to dominate. The land was extensively logged at the end of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century. Shell City, now a ghost town, was established as a logging camp in 1879. The Shell City Navigation Company operated steamboats and barges on the Crow Wing River and Shell River, which traverse the forest, to transport logs to the Mississippi River. Logging in the area became more extensive with the arrival of the railroads, and finally tapered off with the disappearance of old-growth forests at the end of the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>At present, the forest consists largely of Red pine and Jack pine on the loamy sand upland sites, although aspen and paper birch are not uncommon. The abundance of pine on upland sites make dangerous wildfires highly probable during the fire season. Fire lookout towers and airplanes are used for early detection during especially dry periods conducive to wildfire.</p><br>
<p>The forest&#39;s camping facilities are an alternative to the highly visited Itasca State Park, located nearby. Other outdoor recreational activities include swimming, boating, canoeing, and kayaking on the Crow Wing and Shell Rivers. Hiking and cross-country skiing have designated trails within the forest, as well as 18 mi designated for horseback riding, 3.6 mi available for Class I and II all-terrain vehicle use, and 58 mi for dirt biking.</p><br>
<p>The Grange Hall in Somerset Township, Jackson County, Illinois, is the historic meeting place of Somerset Townships chapter of The Grange. Built in 1912, the building was Somerset Grange #1553s second meeting hall; the first building was built in 1876 and burned down in 1909. The red brick building was built by contractor W. A. Pitman in the Commercial style. The Grange Hall served as a meeting place for local farmers to discuss agricultural affairs and propose farm policy to legislators. The National Farmers Union&#39;s newspaper, the Union Farmer, was published from the Somerset Grange Hall until 1914. The building also served as a local social center and hosted township elections, club meetings, and community events. The hall was rehabilitated in 1988; it still serves as a township polling place.</p><br>
<p>The hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Skeleton Cave is a lava tube within Deschutes County, Oregon, of the United States. The cave is within Deschutes National Forest and is located on the northern flank of Newberry Volcano near the city of Bend.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of the name</h2><br>
<p>The cave was discovered in about 1924 although a stick was found inside the cave with penciled markings showing visitation from 1894. Perhaps on that same visit, an illegal moonshiner&#39;s still was found inside the cave.</p><br>
<p>At one time the lava tube may have been referred to as Bone Cave but it received its current moniker as Skeleton Cave from Phil Brogan who observed many assorted pieces of skeletons within. The skylight entrance to the cave served as a natural trap in which animals could not escape. Several newspaper accounts note fossils within. The most noteworthy remnants belonged to a horse from the Pleistocene that was later identified as Equus niobrarensis.</p><br>
<p>Many other pieces of bone were found inside the cave.</p><br>
<p>A list of the known skeletal pieces include:</p><br>
<p>Bear</p><br>
<p>Horse</p><br>
<p>Deer</p><br>
<p>Alopex fox or Arctic fox</p><br>
<p>Gray fox</p><br>
<p>Wolf (nearly as large as Canis occidentalis)</p><br>
<p>a small carnivore the size of a martin</p><br>
<p>Rodents</p><br>
<p>Lynx</p><br>
<p>A large hyena-like dog</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cave was surveyed by Walter J. Perry and Phil Brogan using a compass and pace method. They measured a length of 3,036 feet. Perry then later sketched the outline of the cave passage. He noted a side passage at about 1,734 feet into the cave, which was later named the Bear Passage. This same passage is where the majority of the skeletons and bone dust were found. Perry would later be filmed in the cave by MGM and FOX News for a history film about the area.</p><br>
<p>In a book published by Ronald Greeley of NASA, the cave was surveyed and his map produced a length of 3,300 feet. But it did not include the small portion south of the entrance.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, a complete survey by Jim Nieland discerned a more accurate length of 3,560 feet. In a book by David Purcell, Boyd Cave is hinted at being related to Skeleton Cave which trends toward the Bear Passage, also known as the Tributary Tube.</p><br>
<p>In recent times, the cave, along with others nearby, was evaluated and an environmental impact assessment done. Skeleton Cave in particular had its parking lot relocated to minimize impact to the vegetation and cave resources. A seasonal closure was placed from October 15 to May 1 of every year for bat hibernation.</p><br>
<p>The cave was historically known to be a bat cave (harboring bats) and was possibly mapped by the Bend Commercial club.</p><br>
<p>The Horace Belden School and Central Grammar School are a pair of architecturally distinguished Late Gothic Revival occupying a single campus at 933 Hopmeadow Street and 29 Massaco Street in Simsbury, Connecticut. The Belden School was built in 1907 as the first Simsbury High School, and now serves as Simsbury Town Hall. The Central Grammar School, built in 1913, is now called the Central School. The buildings were listed as a pair on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 for their architecture and their role in the town&#39;s educational system.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The two school buildings are located north of Simsbury&#39;s central business district, on a parcel of land bounded on the north by Massaco Street and the east by Hopmeadow Street (United States Route 202), with commercial property occupying the street corner. Both are two-story buildings, with ashlar brownstone walls, and predominantly Gothic Revival styling. The former Belden School, now Town Hall, faces Hopmeadow Street. It has its main entrance in a Gothic-arched recess, and has bands of sash windows topped by transom windows set into separate openings. There are broad projecting sections in several parts of the facade, and large gabled dormers with slightly flared roof lines projecting from the hip roof. The main section of the school was built in 1907, with an additions in 1927 and 1961. It has served as the town hall since 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Central School faces north to Massaco Street. Its original section, built in 1913, is L-shaped, and also has entrances set in Gothic openings. Its roof gables are adorned with parapets. Unlike the Belden School building, whose interior has been extensively altered, its interior retains many original finishes. A Colonial Revival extension was added in 1949-50.</p><br>
<p>Both schools came about through the financial support of Horace Belden, a Simsbury native whose grandfather had made a fortune in merchant trade with the West Indies. Beldens philanthropy, in addition to funding the schools, also paid for the local water company, and for the improvement of town roads. The schools were built as part of the towns consolidation of district schools into centralized facilities, and were designed at a time when schools were expected to be monuments to education, and to reflect European educational traditions. The Collegiate Gothic style in which these are built was seen to fulfil these expectations.</p><br>
<p>The Belden School originally served as the town&#39;s high school, and also served the students of surrounding towns. Overcrowding in the mid-20th century prompted construction of a high school wing onto the junior high school in 1955, and Belden was converted into a grammar school, a role it served until about 1975. Shuttered for a number of years, it was adapted for use as town hall in 1983.</p><br>
